// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Threading;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Drawing.Helpers;

namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Drawing {
  /// <summary>
  /// Represents a line segment that contains a lists of control points that will be rendered as a cubic bezier curve
  /// </summary>
  /// <seealso cref="ILineSegment" />
  public sealed class CubicBezierLineSegment : ILineSegment
  {
      // Code for this taken from <see href="http://devmag.org.za/2011/04/05/bzier-curves-a-tutorial/"/>
      private const float MinimumSqrDistance = 1.75f;
      private const float DivisionThreshold = -.9995f;

      private readonly PointF[] controlPoints;
      private FlattenedCache? flattenedCache;

      /// <summary>
      /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="CubicBezierLineSegment"/> class.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="points">The points.</param>
      public CubicBezierLineSegment(PointF[] points)
      {
          Guard.NotNull(points, nameof(points));
          Guard.MustBeGreaterThanOrEqualTo(points.Length, 4, nameof(points));
          Guard.IsTrue((points.Length - 1) % 3 == 0, nameof(points), "points must be a multiple of 3 plus 1 long.");
          this.controlPoints = points;
      }

      /// <summary>
      /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="CubicBezierLineSegment"/> class.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="start">The start.</param>
      /// <param name="controlPoint1">The control point1.</param>
      /// <param name="controlPoint2">The control point2.</param>
      /// <param name="end">The end.</param>
      /// <param name="additionalPoints">The additional points.</param>
      public CubicBezierLineSegment(PointF start, PointF controlPoint1, PointF controlPoint2, PointF end, params PointF[] additionalPoints)
          : this(new[] { start, controlPoint1, controlPoint2, end }.Concat(additionalPoints))
      {
      }

      /// <inheritdoc cref="CubicBezierLineSegment(PointF, PointF, PointF, PointF, PointF[])" />
      public CubicBezierLineSegment(PointF start, PointF controlPoint1, PointF controlPoint2, PointF end)
          : this([start, controlPoint1, controlPoint2, end])
      {
      }

      /// <summary>
      /// Gets the control points.
      /// </summary>
      public IReadOnlyList<PointF> ControlPoints => this.controlPoints;

      /// <inheritdoc/>
      public PointF StartPoint => this.controlPoints[0];

      /// <inheritdoc/>
      public PointF EndPoint => this.controlPoints[^1];

      /// <inheritdoc />
      public RectangleF Bounds => CalculateBounds(this.GetFlattenedPoints(Vector2.One));

      /// <inheritdoc />
      public int LinearVertexCount(Vector2 scale) => this.GetFlattenedPoints(scale).Length;

      /// <inheritdoc />
      public void CopyTo(Span<PointF> destination, bool skipFirstPoint, Vector2 scale)
      {
          PointF[] flattened = this.GetFlattenedPoints(scale);
          int startIndex = skipFirstPoint ? 1 : 0;
          flattened.AsSpan(startIndex).CopyTo(destination);
      }

      /// <summary>
      /// Returns the flattened point run for this curve under <paramref name="scale"/>, computing it on first
      /// request and reusing the cached result for subsequent calls at the same scale.
      /// </summary>
      /// <remarks>
      /// Publication uses <see cref="Volatile.Write{T}(ref T, T)"/> so a concurrent reader either observes
      /// <see langword="null"/> or a fully-constructed entry.
      /// </remarks>
      private PointF[] GetFlattenedPoints(Vector2 scale)
      {
          FlattenedCache? hit = Volatile.Read(ref this.flattenedCache);
          if (hit is not null && hit.Scale == scale)
          {
              return hit.Points;
          }

          PointF[] baked = FlattenCurve(this.controlPoints, scale);
          Volatile.Write(ref this.flattenedCache, new FlattenedCache(scale, baked));
          return baked;
      }

      /// <summary>
      /// Gets the control points of this curve.
      /// </summary>
      /// <returns>The control points of this curve.</returns>
      public ReadOnlyMemory<PointF> GetControlPoints() => this.controlPoints;

      /// <summary>
      /// Transforms this line segment using the specified matrix.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="matrix">The matrix.</param>
      /// <returns>A line segment with the matrix applied to it.</returns>
      public CubicBezierLineSegment Transform(Matrix4x4 matrix)
      {
          if (matrix.IsIdentity)
          {
              // no transform to apply skip it
              return this;
          }

          PointF[] transformedPoints = new PointF[this.controlPoints.Length];

          for (int i = 0; i < this.controlPoints.Length; i++)
          {
              transformedPoints[i] = PointF.Transform(this.controlPoints[i], matrix);
          }

          return new CubicBezierLineSegment(transformedPoints);
      }

      /// <inheritdoc/>
      ILineSegment ILineSegment.Transform(Matrix4x4 matrix) => this.Transform(matrix);

      /// <summary>
      /// Flattens every cubic in <paramref name="controlPoints"/> under the supplied device-space
      /// <paramref name="scale"/> into a single contiguous point run. Subdivision density is evaluated
      /// against the scaled control points so the polyline adapts to rendering scale.
      /// </summary>
      private static PointF[] FlattenCurve(PointF[] controlPoints, Vector2 scale)
      {
          int curveCount = (controlPoints.Length - 1) / 3;

          // Flattened points are cached as a retained array, so use the builder to avoid
          // the intermediate collection and copy a list would generate.
          FlattenedPointBuilder output = new(curveCount * 4);

          for (int curveIndex = 0; curveIndex < curveCount; curveIndex++)
          {
              int nodeIndex = curveIndex * 3;
              Vector2 p0 = new(controlPoints[nodeIndex].X * scale.X, controlPoints[nodeIndex].Y * scale.Y);
              Vector2 p1 = new(controlPoints[nodeIndex + 1].X * scale.X, controlPoints[nodeIndex + 1].Y * scale.Y);
              Vector2 p2 = new(controlPoints[nodeIndex + 2].X * scale.X, controlPoints[nodeIndex + 2].Y * scale.Y);
              Vector2 p3 = new(controlPoints[nodeIndex + 3].X * scale.X, controlPoints[nodeIndex + 3].Y * scale.Y);

              if (curveIndex == 0)
              {
                  output.Add((PointF)p0);
              }

              SubdivideAndAppend(0F, 1F, p0, p1, p2, p3, ref output, 0);
              output.Add((PointF)p3);
          }

          return output.Detach();
      }

      /// <summary>
      /// Recursively subdivides the scaled cubic segment, appending midpoints in left-to-right order.
      /// </summary>
      private static void SubdivideAndAppend(
          float t0,
          float t1,
          Vector2 p0,
          Vector2 p1,
          Vector2 p2,
          Vector2 p3,
          ref FlattenedPointBuilder output,
          int depth)
      {
          if (depth > 999)
          {
              return;
          }

          Vector2 left = CalculateBezierPoint(t0, p0, p1, p2, p3);
          Vector2 right = CalculateBezierPoint(t1, p0, p1, p2, p3);

          if ((left - right).LengthSquared() < MinimumSqrDistance)
          {
              return;
          }

          float midT = (t0 + t1) / 2;
          Vector2 mid = CalculateBezierPoint(midT, p0, p1, p2, p3);

          Vector2 leftDirection = Vector2.Normalize(left - mid);
          Vector2 rightDirection = Vector2.Normalize(right - mid);

          if (Vector2.Dot(leftDirection, rightDirection) > DivisionThreshold || Math.Abs(midT - 0.5f) < 0.0001f)
          {
              SubdivideAndAppend(t0, midT, p0, p1, p2, p3, ref output, depth + 1);
              output.Add((PointF)mid);
              SubdivideAndAppend(midT, t1, p0, p1, p2, p3, ref output, depth + 1);
          }
      }

      /// <summary>
      /// Calculates the bezier point along the line.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="t">The position within the line.</param>
      /// <param name="p0">The p 0.</param>
      /// <param name="p1">The p 1.</param>
      /// <param name="p2">The p 2.</param>
      /// <param name="p3">The p 3.</param>
      /// <returns>
      /// The <see cref="Vector2"/>.
      /// </returns>
      private static Vector2 CalculateBezierPoint(float t, Vector2 p0, Vector2 p1, Vector2 p2, Vector2 p3)
      {
          float u = 1 - t;
          float tt = t * t;
          float uu = u * u;
          float uuu = uu * u;
          float ttt = tt * t;

          Vector2 p = uuu * p0; // first term

          p += 3 * uu * t * p1; // second term
          p += 3 * u * tt * p2; // third term
          p += ttt * p3; // fourth term

          return p;
      }

      /// <summary>
      /// Computes the bounds for the cached linearized bezier points.
      /// </summary>
      private static RectangleF CalculateBounds(ReadOnlySpan<PointF> points)
      {
          float minX = float.MaxValue;
          float minY = float.MaxValue;
          float maxX = float.MinValue;
          float maxY = float.MinValue;

          for (int i = 0; i < points.Length; i++)
          {
              PointF point = points[i];
              minX = MathF.Min(minX, point.X);
              minY = MathF.Min(minY, point.Y);
              maxX = MathF.Max(maxX, point.X);
              maxY = MathF.Max(maxY, point.Y);
          }

          return RectangleF.FromLTRB(minX, minY, maxX, maxY);
      }

      private sealed class FlattenedCache(Vector2 scale, PointF[] points)
      {
          public Vector2 Scale { get; } = scale;

          public PointF[] Points { get; } = points;
      }
  }
}